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Brugmann's law, named for Karl Brugmann, is a sound law stating that in the Indo-Iranian languages, an earlier Proto-Indo-European ' became in Proto-Indo-Iranian, but became *ā in open syllables; when it was followed by a single consonant and another vowel. For example, the Proto-Indo-European noun for 'wood' was *dόru, which in Vedic became *dāru. Everywhere else the outcome was , the same as the reflexes of PIE and . The theory accounts for a number of otherwise very puzzling facts. Sanskrit has ''pitaras, mātaras, bhrātaras'' for "fathers, mothers, brothers" but ''svasāras'' for "sisters", a fact neatly explained by the traditional reconstruction of the stems as for "father, mother, brother" but for "sister" (cf. Latin ''pater, māter, frāter'' but ''soror''). Similarly, the great majority of ''n''-stem nouns in Indic have a long stem-vowel, such as ''brāhmāṇas'' "Brahmins", ''śvānas'' "dogs" (from ), correlating with information from other Indo-European languages that these were actually ''on''-stems. But there is one noun, ''ukṣan''- "ox", that in the earliest Indic text, the Rigveda, shows forms like ''ukṣǎṇas'' "oxen". These were later replaced by "regular" formations (''ukṣāṇas'' and so on, some as early as the Rigveda itself), but the notion that the short stem vowel might have been from an -stem is supported by the unique morphology of the Germanic forms, e.g. Old English ''oxa'' nom.singular "ox", ''exen'' plural—the Old English plural stem (e.g., the nominative) continuing Proto-Germanic *uhsiniz < *uhsenez, with e > i in noninitial syllables followed in Old English by umlaut. As in Indic, this is the only certain Old English ''n''-stem that points to -vocalism rather than -vocalism. == Exceptions == The rule seems to only apply to an that is the ablaut alternant of . "Non-apophonic ", that is, that has no alternant, develops into Indo-Iranian ; as in "master, lord" > Sanskrit ''pati-'', not ''ˣpāti'' (there being no such root as ''ˣpet-'' "rule, dominate"). Several exceptions can be addressed in light of the laryngeal theory. The form traditionally reconstructed as *owis "sheep" (Sanskrit ''ǎvi-''), is a good candidate for re-reconstructing as with an ''o''-coloring laryngeal rather than an ablauting ''o''-grade. Perhaps the most convincing confirmation comes from the inflection of the perfect, wherein a Sanskrit root like ''sad-'' "sit" has ''sasada'' for "I sat" and ''sasāda'' for "he, she, it sat". The conventional 19th century wisdom saw this as some kind of "therapeutic" reaction to the Indo-Iranian falling-together of the endings *-a "I" and *-e "he/she/it" as -''a'', but it was troubling that the distinction was found exclusively in roots that ended with a single consonant. That is, ''dadarśa'' "saw" is both first and third person singular, even though a form like ''ˣdadārśa'' is perfectly acceptable in terms of Sanskrit syllable structure. This mystery was solved when the ending of the perfect in the first person singular was reanalyzed on the basis of Hittite evidence as *-h₂e, that is, beginning with an ''a''-coloring laryngeal. In other words, at the time when Brugmann's Law was operative, a form of the type in the first person did not have an open root syllable. A problem for this interpretation is that roots that pretty plainly must have ended in a consonant cluster including a laryngeal, such as ''jan-'' < "beget", and which therefore should have had a short vowel throughout (like ''darś-'' "see" < ), nevertheless show the same patterning as ''sad-'': ''jajana'' 1sg., ''jajāna'' 3sg. Whether this is a catastrophic failure of the theory or just leveling is a matter of taste, but after all, those who think the pattern seen in roots like ''sad-'' have a morphological, not a phonological, origin, have their own headaches, such as the total failure of this "morphological" development to include roots ending in two consonants. And such an argument would in any case cut the ground out from under the neat distributions seen in the kinship terms, the special behavior of "ox", and so on. Perhaps the most worrisome data are adverbs like Sankrit ''prati'', Greek ''pros'' (< ) (meaning "motion from or to a place or location at a place", depending on the case of the noun it governs) and some other forms, all of which appear to have ablauting vowels. They also all have a voiceless stop after the vowel, which may or may not be significant. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Brugmann's law」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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